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Declaration on Certain Questions Concerning Sexual
Ethics
by The Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
I
According to contemporary scientific research, the human person is so
profoundly affected by sexuality that it must be considered as one of the
factors which give to each individual's life the principal traits that
distinguish it. In fact it is from sex that the human person receives the
characteristics which, on the biological, psychological and spiritual levels,
make that person a man or a woman, and thereby largely condition his or her
progress towards maturity and insertion into society. Hence sexual matters, as
is obvious to everyone, today constitute a theme frequently and openly dealt
with in books, reviews, magazines and other means of social communication.
In the present period, the corruption of morals has increased, and one
of the most serious indications of this corruption is the unbridled exaltation
of sex. Moreover, through the means of social communication and through public
entertainment this corruption has reached the point of invading the field of
education and of infecting the general mentality.
In this context certain educators, teachers and moralists have been able
to contribute to a better understanding and integration into life of the values
proper to each of the sexes; on the other hand there are those who have put
forward concepts and modes of behavior which are contrary to the true moral
exigencies of the human person. Some members of the latter group have even gone
so far as to favor a licentious hedonism.
As a result, in the course of a few years, teachings, moral criteria and
modes of living hitherto faithfully preserved have been very much unsettled,
even among Christians. There are many people today who, being confronted with
widespread opinions opposed to the teaching which they received from the
Church, have come to wonder what must still hold as true.
II
The Church cannot remain indifferent to this confusion of minds and
relaxation of morals. It is a question, in fact, of a matter which is of the
utmost importance both for the personal lives of Christians and for the social
life of our time.[1]
The Bishops are daily led to note the growing difficulties experienced
by the faithful in obtaining knowledge of wholesome moral teaching, especially
in sexual matters, and of the growing difficulties experienced by pastors in
expounding this teaching effectively. The Bishops know that by their pastoral
charge they are called upon to meet the needs of their faithful in this very
serious matter, and important documents dealing with it have already been
published by some of them or by episcopal conferences. Nevertheless, since the
erroneous opinions and resulting deviations are continuing to spread
everywhere, the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, by virtue of
its function in the universal Church[2] and by a mandate of the Supreme
Pontiff, has judged it necessary to publish the present Declaration.
III
The people of our time are more and more convinced that the human
person's dignity and vocation demand that they should discover, by the light of
their own intelligence, the values innate in their nature, that they should
ceaselessly develop these values and realize them in their lives, in order to
achieve an ever greater development.
In moral matters man cannot make value judgments according to his
personal whim: "In the depths of his conscience, man detects a law which he
does not impose on himself, but which holds him to obedience. . . . For man has
in his heart a law written by God. To obey it is the very dignity of man;
according to it he will be judged."[3]
Moreover, through His revelation God has made known to us Christians His
plan of salvation, and He has held up to us Christ, the Savior and Sanctifier,
in His teaching and example, as the supreme and immutable Law of life: "I am
the light of the world; anyone who follows Me will not be walking in the dark,
he will have the light of life."[4]
Therefore there can be no true promotion of man's dignity unless the
essential order of his nature is respected. Of course, in the history of
civilization many of the concrete conditions and needs of human life have
changed and will continue to change. But all evolution of morals and every type
of life must be kept within the limits imposed by the immutable principles
based upon every human person's constitutive elements and essential relations -
elements and relations which transcend historical contingency.
These fundamental principles, which can be grasped by reason, are
contained in "the Divine Law - eternal, objective and universal - whereby God
orders, directs and governs the entire universe and all the ways of the human
community, by a plan conceived in wisdom and love. Man has been made by God to
participate in this law, with the result that, under the gentle disposition of
Divine Providence, he can come to perceive ever increasingly the unchanging
truth."[5] This Divine Law is accessible to our minds.
IV
Hence, those many people are in error who today assert that one can find
neither in human nature nor in the revealed law any absolute and immutable norm
to serve for particular actions other than the one which expresses itself in
the general law of charity and respect for human dignity. As a proof of their
assertion they put forward the view that so-called norms of the natural law or
precepts of Sacred Scripture are to be regarded only as given expressions of a
form of particular culture at a certain moment of history.
But in fact, Divine Revelation and, in its own proper order,
philosophical wisdom, emphasize the authentic exigencies of human nature. They
thereby necessarily manifest the existence of immutable laws inscribed in the
constitutive elements of human nature and which are revealed to be identical in
all beings endowed with reason.
Furthermore, Christ instituted His Church as "the pillar and bulwark of
truth."[6] With the Holy Spirit's assistance, she ceaselessly preserves and
transmits without error the truths of the moral order, and she authentically
interprets not only the revealed positive law but "also . . . those principles
of the moral order which have their origin in human nature itself"[7] and which
concern man's full development and sanctification. Now in fact the Church
throughout her history has always considered a certain number of precepts of
the natural law as having an absolute and immutable value, and in their
transgression she has seen a contradiction of the teaching and spirit of the
Gospel.
V
Since sexual ethics concern fundamental values of human and Christian
life, this general teaching equally applies to sexual ethics. In this domain
there exist principles and norms which the Church has always unhesitatingly
transmitted as part of her teaching, however much the opinions and morals of
the world may have been opposed to them. These principles and norms in no way
owe their origin to a certain type of culture, but rather to knowledge of the
Divine Law and of human nature. They therefore cannot be considered as having
become out of date or doubtful under the pretext that a new cultural situation
has arisen.
It is these principles which inspired the exhortations and directives
given by the Second Vatican Council for an education and an organization of
social life taking account of the equal dignity of man and woman while
respecting their difference.[8]
Speaking of "the sexual nature of man and the human faculty of
procreation," the Council noted that they "wonderfully exceed the dispositions
of lower forms of life."[9] It then took particular care to expound the
principles and criteria which concern human sexuality in marriage, and which
are based upon the finality of the specific function of sexuality.
In this regard the Council declares that the moral goodness of the acts
proper to conjugal life, acts which are ordered according to true human
dignity, "does not depend solely on sincere intentions or on an evaluation of
motives. It must be determined by objective standards. These, based on the
nature of the human person and his acts, preserve the full sense of mutual
self-giving and human procreation in the context of true love."[10]
These final words briefly sum up the Council's teaching - more fully
expounded in an earlier part of the same Constitution[11] - on the finality of
the sexual act and on the principal criterion of its morality: it is respect
for its finality that ensures the moral goodness of this act.
This same principle, which the Church holds from Divine Revelation and
from her authentic interpretation of the natural law, is also the basis of her
traditional doctrine, which states that the use of the sexual function has its
true meaning and moral rectitude only in true marriage.[12]
VI
It is not the purpose of the present Declaration to deal with all the
abuses of the sexual faculty, nor with all the elements involved in the
practice of chastity. Its object is rather to repeat the Church's doctrine on
certain particular points, in view of the urgent need to oppose serious errors
and widespread aberrant modes of behavior.
VII
Today there are many who vindicate the right to sexual union before
marriage, at least in those cases where a firm intention to marry and an
affection which is already in some way conjugal in the psychology of the
subjects require this completion, which they judge to be connatural. This is
especially the case when the celebration of the marriage is impeded by
circumstances or when this intimate relationship seems necessary in order for
love to be preserved.
This opinion is contrary to Christian doctrine, which states that every
genital act must be within the framework of marriage. However firm the
intention of those who practice such premature sexual relations may be, the
fact remains that these relations cannot ensure, in sincerity and fidelity, the
interpersonal relationship between a man and a woman, nor especially can they
protect this relationship from whims and caprices. Now it is a stable union
that Jesus willed, and He restored its original requirement, beginning with the
sexual difference. "Have you not read that the Creator from the beginning made
them male and female and that He said: This is why a man must leave father and
mother, and cling to his wife, and the two become one body? They are no longer
two, therefore, but one body. So then, what God has united, man must not
divide."[13] St. Paul will be even more explicit when he shows that if
unmarried people or widows cannot live chastely they have no other alternative
than the stable union of marriage: ". . .it is better to marry than to be
aflame with passion."[14] Through marriage, in fact, the love of married people
is taken up into that love which Christ irrevocably has for the Church,[15]
while dissolute sexual union[16] defiles the temple of the Holy Spirit which
the Christian has become. Sexual union therefore is only legitimate if a
definitive community of life has been established between the man and the
woman.
This is what the Church has always understood and taught,[17] and she
finds a profound agreement with her doctrine in men's reflection and in the
lessons of history.
Experience teaches us that love must find its safeguard in the stability
of marriage, if sexual intercourse is truly to respond to the requirements of
its own finality and to those of human dignity. These requirements call for a
conjugal contract sanctioned and guaranteed by society - a contract which
establishes a state of life of capital importance both for the exclusive union
of the man and the woman and for the good of their family and of the human
community. Most often, in fact, premarital relations exclude the possibility of
children. What is represented to be conjugal love is not able, as it absolutely
should be, to develop into paternal and maternal love. Or, if it does happen to
do so, this will be to the detriment of the children, who will be deprived of
the stable environment in which they ought to develop in order to find in it
the way and the means of their insertion into society as a whole.
The consent given by people who wish to be united in marriage must
therefore be manifested externally and in a manner which makes it valid in the
eyes of society. As far as the faithful are concerned, their consent to the
setting up of a community of conjugal life must be expressed according to the
laws of the Church. It is a consent which makes their marriage a Sacrament of
Christ.
VIII
At the present time there are those who, basing themselves on
observations in the psychological order, have begun to judge indulgently, and
even to excuse completely, homosexual relations between certain people. This
they do in opposition to the constant teaching of the Magisterium and to the
moral sense of the Christian people.
A distinction is drawn, and it seems with some reason, between
homosexuals whose tendency comes from a false education, from a lack of normal
sexual development, from habit, from bad example, or from other similar causes,
and is transitory or at least not incurable; and homosexuals who are
definitively such because of some kind of innate instinct or a pathological
constitution judged to be incurable.
In regard to this second category of subjects, some people conclude that
their tendency is so natural that it justifies in their case homosexual
relations within a sincere communion of life and love analogous to marriage, in
so far as such homosexuals feel incapable of enduring a solitary life.
In the pastoral field, these homosexuals must certainly be treated with
understanding and sustained in the hope of overcoming their personal
difficulties and their inability to fit into society. Their culpability will be
judged with prudence. But no pastoral method can be employed which would give
moral justification to these acts on the grounds that they would be consonant
with the condition of such people. For according to the objective moral order,
homosexual relations are acts which lack an essential and indispensable
finality. In Sacred Scripture they are condemned as a serious depravity and
even presented as the sad consequence of rejecting God.[18] This judgment of
Scripture does not of course permit us to conclude that all those who suffer
from this anomaly are personally responsible for it, but it does attest to the
fact that homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered and can in no case be
approved of.
IX
The traditional Catholic doctrine that masturbation constitutes a grave
moral disorder is often called into doubt or expressly denied today. It is said
that psychology and sociology show that it is a normal phenomenon of sexual
development, especially among the young. It is stated that there is real and
serious fault only in the measure that the subject deliberately indulges in
solitary pleasure closed in on self ("ipsation"), because in this case the act
would indeed be radically opposed to the loving communion between persons of
different sex which some hold is what is principally sought in the use of the
sexual faculty.
This opinion is contradictory to the teaching and pastoral practice of
the Catholic Church. Whatever the force of certain arguments of a biological
and philosophical nature, which have sometimes been used by theologians, in
fact both the Magisterium of the Church - in the course of a constant tradition
- and the moral sense of the faithful have declared without hesitation that
masturbation is an intrinsically and seriously disordered act.[19] The main
reason is that, whatever the motive for acting this way, the deliberate use of
the sexual faculty outside normal conjugal relations essentially contradicts
the finality of the faculty. For it lacks the sexual relationship called for by
the moral order, namely the relationship which realizes "the full sense of
mutual self-giving and human procreation in the context of true love."[20] All
deliberate exercise of sexuality must be reserved to this regular relationship.
Even if it cannot be proved that Scripture condemns this sin by name, the
tradition of the Church has rightly understood it to be condemned in the New
Testament when the latter speaks of "impurity," "unchasteness" and other vices
contrary to chastity and continence.
Sociological surveys are able to show the frequency of this disorder
according to the places, populations or circumstances studied. In this way
facts are discovered, but facts do not constitute a criterion for judging the
moral value of human acts.[21] The frequency of the phenomenon in question is
certainly to be linked with man's innate weakness following original sin; but
it is also to be linked with the loss of a sense of God, with the corruption of
morals engendered by the commercialization of vice, with the unrestrained
licentiousness of so many public entertainments and publications, as well as
with the neglect of modesty, which is the guardian of chastity.
On the subject of masturbation modern psychology provides much valid and
useful information for formulating a more equitable judgment on moral
responsibility and for orienting pastoral action. Psychology helps one to see
how the immaturity of adolescence (which can sometimes persist after that age),
psychological imbalance or habit can influence behavior, diminishing the
deliberate character of the act and bringing about a situation whereby
subjectively there may not always be serious fault. But in general, the absence
of serious responsibility must not be presumed; this would be to misunderstand
people's moral capacity.
In the pastoral ministry, in order to form an adequate judgment in
concrete cases, the habitual behavior of people will be considered in its
totality, not only with regard to the individual's practice of charity and of
justice but also with regard to the individual's care in observing the
particular precepts of chastity. In particular, one will have to examine
whether the individual is using the necessary means, both natural and
supernatural, which Christian asceticism from its long experience recommends
for overcoming the passions and progressing in virtue.
X
The observance of the moral law in the field of sexuality and the
practice of chastity have been considerably endangered, especially among less
fervent Christians, by the current tendency to minimize as far as possible,
when not denying outright, the reality of grave sin, at least in people's
actual lives.
There are those who go as far as to affirm that mortal sin, which causes
separation from God, only exists in the formal refusal directly opposed to
God's call, or in that selfishness which completely and deliberately closes
itself to the love of neighbor. They say that it is only then that there comes
into play the fundamental option, that is to say the decision which totally
commits the person and which is necessary if mortal sin is to exist; by this
option the person, from the depths of the personality, takes up or ratifies a
fundamental attitude towards God or people. On the contrary, so-called
"peripheral" actions (which, it is said, usually do not involve decisive
choice), do not go so far as to change the fundamental option, the less so
since they often come, as is observed, from habit. Thus such actions can weaken
the fundamental option, but not to such a degree as to change it completely.
Now according to these authors, a change of the fundamental option towards God
less easily comes about in the field of sexual activity, where a person
generally does not transgress the moral order in a fully deliberate and
responsible manner but rather under the influence of passion, weakness,
immaturity, sometimes even through the illusion of thus showing love for
someone else. To these causes there is often added the pressure of the social
environment.
In reality, it is precisely the fundamental option which in the last
resort defines a person's moral disposition. But it can be completely changed
by particular acts, especially when, as often happens, these have been prepared
for by previous more superficial acts. Whatever the case, it is wrong to say
that particular acts are not enough to constitute mortal sin.
According to the Church's teaching, mortal sin, which is opposed to God,
does not consist only in formal and direct resistance to the commandment of
charity. It is equally to be found in this opposition to authentic love which
is included in every deliberate transgression, in serious matter, of each of
the moral laws.
Christ Himself has indicated the double commandment of love as the basis
of the moral life. But on this commandment depends "the whole Law, and the
Prophets also."[22] It therefore includes the other particular precepts. In
fact, to the young man who asked, ". . . what good deed must I do to possess
eternal life?" Jesus replied: ". . . if you wish to enter into life, keep the
commandments . . . . You must not kill. You must not commit adultery. You must
not steal. You must not bring false witness. Honor your father and mother, and:
you must love your neighbor as yourself."[23]
A person therefore sins mortally not only when his action comes from
direct contempt for love of God and neighbor, but also when he consciously and
freely, for whatever reason, chooses something which is seriously disordered.
For in this choice, as has been said above, there is already included contempt
for the Divine commandment: the person turns himself away from God and loses
charity. Now according to Christian tradition and the Church's teaching, and as
right reason also recognizes, the moral order of sexuality involves such high
values of human life that every direct violation of this order is objectively
serious.[24]
It is true that in sins of the sexual order, in view of their kind and
their causes, it more easily happens that free consent is not fully given; this
is a fact which calls for caution in all judgment as to the subject's
responsibility. In this matter it is particularly opportune to recall the
following words of Scripture: "Man looks at appearances but God looks at the
heart."[25] However, although prudence is recommended in judging the subjective
seriousness of a particular sinful act, it in no way follows that one can hold
the view that in the sexual field mortal sins are not committed.
Pastors of souls must therefore exercise patience and goodness; but they
are not allowed to render God's commandments null, nor to reduce unreasonably
people's responsibility. "To diminish in no way the saving teaching of Christ
constitutes an eminent form of charity for souls. But this must ever be
accompanied by patience and goodness, such as the Lord Himself gave example of
in dealing with people. Having come not to condemn but to save, He was indeed
intransigent with evil, but merciful towards individuals."[26]
XI
As has been said above, the purpose of this Declaration is to draw the
attention of the faithful in present-day circumstances to certain errors and
modes of behavior which they must guard against. The virtue of chastity,
however, is in no way confined solely to avoiding the faults already listed. It
is aimed at attaining higher and more positive goals. It is a virtue which
concerns the whole personality, as regards both interior and outward behavior.
Individuals should be endowed with this virtue according to their state
in life: for some it will mean virginity or celibacy consecrated to God, which
is an eminent way of giving oneself more easily to God alone with an undivided
heart.[27] For others it will take the form determined by the moral law,
according to whether they are married or single. But whatever the state of
life, chastity is not simply an external state; it must make a person's heart
pure in accordance with Christ's words: "You have learned how it was said: You
must not commit adultery. But I say this to you: if a man looks at a woman
lustfully, he has already committed adultery with her in his heart."[28]
Chastity is included in that continence which St. Paul numbers among the
gifts of the Holy Spirit, while he condemns sensuality as a vice particularly
unworthy of the Christian and one which precludes entry into the Kingdom of
Heaven.[29] "What God wants is for all to be holy. He wants you to keep away
from fornication, and each one of you know how to use the body that belongs to
him in a way that is holy and honorable, not giving way to selfish lust like
the pagans who do not know God. He wants nobody at all ever to sin by taking
advantage of a brother in these matters. . . . We have been called by God to be
holy, not to be immoral. In other words, anyone who objects is not objecting to
a human authority, but to God, Who gives you His Holy Spirit."[30] "Among you
there must not be even a mention of fornication or impurity in any of its
forms, or promiscuity: this would hardly become the saints! For you can be
quite certain that nobody who actually indulges in fornication or impurity or
promiscuity - which is worshipping a false god - can inherit anything of the
Kingdom of God. Do not let anyone deceive you with empty arguments: it is for
this loose living that God's anger comes down on those who rebel against Him.
Make sure that you are not included with them. You were darkness once, but now
you are light in the Lord; be like children of light, for the effects of the
light are seen in complete goodness and right living and truth."[31]
In addition, the Apostle points out the specifically Christian motive
for practising chastity when he condemns the sin of fornication not only in the
measure that this action is injurious to one's neighbor or to the social order
but because the fornicator offends against Christ Who has redeemed him with His
blood and of Whom he is a member, and against the Holy Spirit of Whom he is the
temple. "You know, surely, that your bodies are members making up the body of
Christ. . . . All the other sins are committed outside the body; but to
fornicate is to sin against your own body. Your body, you know, is the temple
of the Holy Spirit, Who is in you since you received Him from God. You are not
your own property; you have been bought and paid for. That is why you should
use your body for the glory of God."[32]
The more the faithful appreciate the value of chastity and its necessary
role in their lives as men and women, the better they will understand, by a
kind of spiritual instinct, its moral requirements and counsels. In the same
way they will know better how to accept and carry out, in a spirit of docility
to the Church's teaching, what an upright conscience dictates in concrete
cases.
XII
The Apostle St. Paul describes in vivid terms the painful interior
conflict of the person enslaved to sin: the conflict between "the law of his
mind" and the "law of sin which dwells in his members" and which holds him
captive.[33] But man can achieve liberation from his "body doomed to death"
through the grace of Jesus Christ.[34] This grace is enjoyed by those who have
been justified by it and whom "the law of the spirit of life in Christ Jesus
has set free from the law of sin and death."[35] It is for this reason that the
Apostle adjures them: "That is why you must not let sin reign in your mortal
bodies or command your obedience to bodily passions."[36]
This liberation, which fits one to serve God in newness of life, does
not however suppress the concupiscence deriving from original sin, nor the
promptings to evil in this world, which is "in the power of the evil one."[37]
This is why the Apostle exhorts the faithful to overcome temptations by the
power of God[38] and to "stand against the wiles of the Devil"[39] by faith,
watchful prayer[40] and an austerity of life that brings the body into
subjection to the Spirit.[41]
Living the Christian life by following in the footsteps of Christ
requires that everyone should "deny himself and take up his cross daily,"[42]
sustained by the hope of reward, for "if we have died with Him, we shall also
reign with Him."[43] In accordance with these pressing exhortations, the
faithful of the present time, and indeed today more than ever, must use the
means which have always been recommended by the Church for living a chaste
life. These means are: discipline of the senses and the mind, watchfulness and
prudence in avoiding occasions of sin, the observance of modesty, moderation in
recreation, wholesome pursuits, assiduous prayer and frequent reception of the
Sacraments of Penance and the Eucharist. Young people especially should
earnestly foster devotion to the Immaculate Mother of God, and take as examples
the lives of saints and other faithful people, especially young ones, who
excelled in the practice of chastity.
It is important in particular that everyone should have a high esteem
for the virtue of chastity, its beauty and its power of attraction. This virtue
increases the human person's dignity and enables him to love truly,
disinterestedly, unselfishly and with respect for others.
XIII
It is up to the Bishops to instruct the faithful in the moral teaching
concerning sexual morality, however great may be the difficulties in carrying
out this work in the face of ideas and practices generally prevailing today.
This traditional doctrine must be studied more deeply. It must be handed on in
a way capable of properly enlightening the consciences of those confronted with
new situations and it must be enriched with a discernment of all the elements
that can truthfully and usefully be brought forward about the meaning and value
of human sexuality. But the principles and norms of moral living reaffirmed in
this Declaration must be faithfully held and taught. It will especially be
necessary to bring the faithful to understand that the Church holds these
principles not as old and inviolable superstitions, nor out of some Manichaean
prejudice, as is often alleged, but rather because she knows with certainty
that they are in complete harmony with the Divine order of creation and with
the spirit of Christ, and therefore also with human dignity.
It is likewise the Bishops' mission to see that a sound doctrine
enlightened by faith and directed by the Magisterium of the Church is taught in
faculties of theology and in seminaries. Bishops must also ensure that
confessors enlighten people's consciences and that catechetical instruction is
given in perfect fidelity to Catholic doctrine.
It rests with the Bishops, the priests and their collaborators to alert
the faithful against the erroneous opinions often expressed in books, reviews
and public meetings.
Parents, in the first place, and also teachers of the young must
endeavor to lead their children and their pupils, by way of a complete
education, to the psychological, emotional and moral maturity befitting their
age. They will therefore prudently give them information suited to their age;
and they will assiduously form their wills in accordance with Christian morals,
not only by advice but above all by the example of their own lives, relying on
God's help, which they will obtain in prayer. They will likewise protect the
young from the many dangers of which they are quite unaware.
Artists, writers and all those who use the means of social communication
should exercise their profession in accordance with their Christian faith and
with a clear awareness of the enormous influence which they can have. They
should remember that "the primacy of the objective moral order must be regarded
as absolute by all,"[44] and that it is wrong for them to give priority above
it to any so-called aesthetic purpose, or to material advantage or to success.
Whether it be a question of artistic or literary works, public entertainment or
providing information, each individual in his or her own domain must show tact,
discretion, moderation and a true sense of values. In this way, far from adding
to the growing permissiveness of behavior, each individual will contribute
towards controlling it and even towards making the moral climate of society
more wholesome.
All lay people, for their part, by virtue of their rights and duties in
the work of the apostolate, should endeavor to act in the same way.
Finally, it is necessary to remind everyone of the words of the Second
Vatican Council: "This Holy Synod likewise affirms that children and young
people have a right to be encouraged to weigh moral values with an upright
conscience, and to embrace them by personal choice, to know and love more
adequately. Hence, it earnestly entreats all who exercise government over
people or preside over the work of education to see that youth is never
deprived of this sacred right."[45]
At the audience granted on November 7, 1975, to the undersigned
Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, the Sovereign
Pontiff by Divine Providence Pope Paul VI approved this Declaration "On certain
questions concerning sexual ethics," confirmed it and ordered its
publication.
Given in Rome, at the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the
Faith, on December 29th, 1975.
Franjo Cardinal Seper
Prefect
Most Rev. Jerome Hamer, O.P.
Titular Archbishop of Lorium Secretary
Notes
1. Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Constitution on the Church in
the Modern World "Gaudium et Spes," 47 AAS 58 (1966), p. 1067.
2. Cf. Apostolic Constitution "Regimini Ecclesiae Universae," 29
(Aug 15th, 1967) AAS 89 (1967), p. 1067.
3. "Gaudium et Spes," 16 AAS 58 (1966), p. 1037.
4. Jn 8:12.
5. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Declaration "Dignitatis
Humanae," 3 AAS 58 (1966), p. 931.
6. I Tim 3:15
7. "Dignitatis Humanae," 14 AAS 58 (1966), p. 940; cf Pius XI,
encyclical letter "Casti Connubii," Dec 31st, 1930 AAS 22 (1930), pp
579-580; Pius XII, allocution of Nov. 2nd, 1954 AAS 46 (1954), pp 671-672; John
XXIII, encyclical letter "Mater et Magistra," May 15th, 1961 AAS 53
(1961), p. 457; Paul VI, encyclical letter "Humanae Vitae," 4, July
25th, 1968 AAS 60 (1968) p. 483.
8. Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Declaration "Gravissimum
Educationis," 1, 8: AAS 58 (1966), pp. 729-730; 734-736 "Gaudium et
Spes," 29, 60, 67 AAS 58 (1966), pp. 1048 1049, 1080-1081, 1088-1089.
9. "Gaudium et Spes," 51 AAS 58 (1966), pp. 1072.
10. Ibid; cf also 49 loc cit, pp. 1069-1070.
11. Ibid, 49, 50 loc cit, pp. 1069-1072.
12. The present Declaration does not go into further detail regarding
the norms of sexual life within marriage; these norms have been clearly taught
in the encyclical letter "Casti Connubii" and "Humanae Vitae."
13. Cf. Mt 19:4-6.
14. I Cor 7:9.
15. Cf. Eph 5:25-32.
16. Sexual intercourse outside marriage is formally condemned I
Cor 5:1; 6:9; 7:2; 10:8 Eph. 5:5; I Tim 1:10; Heb
13:4; and with explicit reasons I Cor 6:12-20.
17. Cf. Innocent IV, letter "Sub catholica professione," March
6th, 1254, DS 835; Pius II, "Propos damn in Ep Cum sicut accepimus." Nov
13th, 1459, DS 1367; decrees of the Holy Office, Sept 24th, 1665, DS 2045;
March 2nd, 1679, DS 2148 Pius XI, encyclical letter "Casti Connubii,"
Dec 31st, 1930 AAS 22 (1930), pp. 558 559.
18. Rom 1:24-27 "That is why God left them to their filthy
enjoyments and the practices with which they dishonor their own bodies since
they have given up Divine truth for a lie and have worshipped and served
creatures instead of the Creator, Who is blessed forever. Amen! That is why God
has abandoned them to degrading passions; why their women have turned from
natural intercourse to unnatural practices and why their menfolk have given up
natural intercourse to be consumed with passion for each other, men doing
shameless things with men and getting an appropriate reward for their
perversion" See also what St. Paul says of "masculorum concubitores" in I
Cor 6:10; I Tim 1:10.
19. Cf. Leo IX, letter "Ad splendidum nitentis," in the year 1054
DS 687-688, decree of the Holy Office, March 2nd, 1679: DS 2149; Pius XII,
"Allocutio," Oct 8th, 1953 AAS 45 (1953), pp. 677-678; May 19th, 1956
AAS 48 (1956), pp. 472-473.
20. "Gaudium et Spes," 51 AAS 58 (1966), p. 1072.
21. ". . . it sociological surveys are useful for better discovering the
thought patterns of the people of a particular place, the anxieties and needs
of those to whom we proclaim the word of God, and also the opposition made to
it by modern reasoning through the widespread notion that outside science there
exists no legitimate form of knowledge, still the conclusions drawn from such
surveys could not of themselves constitute a determining criterion of truth,"
Paul VI, apostolic exhortation "Quinque iam anni." Dec 8th 1970, AAS 63
(1971), p. 102.
22. Mt 22:38, 40.
23. Mt 19:16-19.
24. Cf. note 17 and 19 above Decree of the Holy Office, March 18th,
1666, DS 2060; Paul VI, encyclical letter "Humanae Vitae," 13, 14 AAS 60
(1968), pp. 489-496.
25. Sam 16:7.
26. Paul VI, encyclical letter "Humanae Vitae," 29 AAS 60 (1968),
p. 501.
27. Cf. I Cor 7:7, 34; Council of Trent, Session XXIV, can 10 DS 1810;
Second Vatican Council, Constitution "Lumen Gentium," 42 43, 44 AAS 57
(1965), pp. 47-51 Synod of Bishops, "De Sacerdotio Ministeriali," part
II, 4, b: AAS 63 (1971), pp. 915-916.
28. Mt 5:28.
29. Cf. Gal 5:19-23; I Cor 6:9-11.
30. I Thess 4:3-8; cf. Col 3:5-7; I Tim 1:10.
31. Eph 5:3-8; cf. 4:18-19.
32. I Cor 6:15, 18-20.
33. Cf. Rom 7:23.
34. Cf. Rom 7:24-25.
35. Cf. Rom 8:2.
36. Rom 6:12.
37. I Jn 5:19.
38. Cf. I Cor 10:13.
39. Eph 6:11.
40. Ct Eph 6:16, 18.
41. Ct I Cor 9:27.
42. Lk 9:23.
43. II Tim 2:11-12.
44. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council decree "Inter Mirifica," 6
AAS 56 (1964), p. 147.
45. "Gravissimum Educationis," 1: AAS 58 (1966), p. 730.
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