Phoebe

“I commend to you my sister Phoebe,
the deacon of the church at Cenchreae.”
Romans 16,1

Some critics just dismiss Phoebe’s status in the apostolic Church by saying that diakonos in Greek only means ‘servant’, as Michael Richards tries to do (The Tablet, Letters, 8 February)? Does this not apply to all the words that referred to ministries in apostolic times: presbuteros (elder), episkopos (overseer) and even apostolos (delegate)? If we argue as he does, we might as well discount all such New Testament terms as having no more than secular implications.

Diakonos denotes a very ancient ministry. It was instituted by the apostles even before presbuteroi or episkopoi were. Diakonoi were properly ‘ordained’ by the imposition of hands and the invocation of God’s Spirit (Acts 6:1-6). Paul mentions ‘bishops and deacons’ in one breath (Philippians 1:1). In the early Christian communities everyone knew that diakonos, no less than episkopos, indicated a person with an ‘ordained’ ministry. It is therefore highly significant that Paul calls Phoebe not only a ‘diakonos’, but, as the text says literally: ‘(also) being (the) deacon of the church in Cenchreae’. Would Paul use the term loosely in this context?

The early Greek Fathers certainly understood Phoebe to have been an ordained minister. St. Clement of Alexandria (150 - 215) speaks of the ‘women deacons’ (diakonoi gunaikes) whom ‘the noble Paul mentions in his letters’. Origen (185 - 255) states: ‘This text (Romans 16,1-2) teaches with the authority of the Apostle that also women are institued as deacons in the Church’. And may we omit the testimony of Pliny the Younger, Roman governor of Bithynia (112 AD), who reports that he arrested a group of Christians whose two female leaders bore the title of ministrae (Latin for diakonoi)?

All this becomes more than speculation if we remember the detailed ordination rites for women deacons, just as for male deacons, that have been preserved, dating back to at least the 4^th century. In those rites the bishop calls on the Holy Spirit to pour out the grace of the diaconate on the woman ordinand ‘as you granted to Phoebe the grace of your diaconate whom you had called to this ministry’.

John Wijngaards

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The Ordination of Women in the Catholic Church. Unmasking a Cuckoo's Egg Tradition

This book by John Wijngaards, published by Darton, Longman & Todd (UK), Continuum (USA), Media House (India), as well as in Italy, France, Holland and Japan, is a classic on the topic.

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Women Deacons in the Early Church. Historical Texts and Contemporary Debates

Another classic by John Wijngaards published by Canterbury Press (UK), Crossroad (USA), and Berne (Netherlands).